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Journal of Geographical Sciences - Urbanization has caused significant landscape changes in rural areas, leading to the emergence of urbanized landscapes (ULs), which have been generally criticized... 相似文献
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The precipitation recycling (PR) ratio is an important indicator that quantifies the land-atmosphere interaction strength in the Earth system’s water cycle. To better understand how the heterogeneous land surface in the Tibetan Plateau (TP) contributes to precipitation, we used the water-vapor tracer (WVT) method coupled with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) regional climate model. The goals were to quantify the PR ratio, in terms of annual mean, seasonal variability and diurnal cycle, and to address the relationships of the PR ratio with lake treatments and precipitation amount. Simulations showed that the PR ratio increases from 0.1 in winter to 0.4 in summer when averaged over the TP with the maxima centered at the headwaters of three major rivers (Yangtze, Yellow and Mekong). For the central TP, the highest PR ratio rose to over 0.8 in August, indicating that most of the precipitation was recycled via local evapotranspiration in summer. The larger daily mean and standard deviation of the PR ratio in summer suggested a stronger effect of land-atmosphere interactions on precipitation in summer than in winter. Despite the relatively small spatial extent of inland lakes, the treatment of lakes in WRF significantly impacted the calculation of the PR ratio over the TP, and correcting lake temperature substantially improved both precipitation and PR ratio simulations. There was no clear relationship between PR ratio and precipitation amount; however, a significant positive correlation between PR and convective precipitation was revealed. This study is beneficial for the understanding of land-atmosphere interaction over high mountain regions.
相似文献93.
近几十年来,随着全球气候变暖,青藏高原降水整体呈现增加趋势,气候暖湿化趋势明显;与此同时,位于青藏高原东南缘的中国西南地区整体上呈现暖干化趋势,干旱事件频发。探讨青藏高原及其周边地区降水的水汽来源变化、揭示降水趋势性变化的原因已经成为当前研究热点。本文评述了近年来青藏高原降水的水汽来源研究,重点关注青藏高原变湿、西南地区变干的水汽来源变化原因以及青藏高原南北水汽来源差异,讨论了尚未解决的科学问题,展望了未来研究方向。现有研究表明,青藏高原以西的西风带控制区蒸散发贡献的水汽整体呈现减少趋势,青藏高原以南和以东的季风控制区蒸散发贡献的水汽整体呈现增加趋势,上述水汽源区贡献变化导致了青藏高原及其周边不同区域降水趋势性变化的差异。展望未来,水汽来源分析的模型和数据需要进一步验证及减少不确定性,青藏高原下垫面和蒸散发变化对周边地区降水的影响机制研究有待加强,全球变化与青藏高原降水水汽来源变化的关系尚需深入分析。 相似文献
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Guo Yuanyuan Zhang Ruijie Wen Zhiping Li Juncong Zhang Chao Zhou Zijiang 《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2021,64(10):1619-1632
Extreme Meiyu rainfall in 2020, starting from early June to the end of July, has occurred over the Yangtze River valley(YRV), with record-breaking accumulated precipitation amount since 1961. The present study aims to examine the possible effect of sea surface temperature(SST) on the YRV rainfall in Meiyu season from the interdecadal perspective. The results indicate that YRV rainfall in June exhibits more significant variability on interdecadal time scale than that in July. The interdecadal-filtered atmospheric circulation in June, compared with the counterpart in July, shows a more predominant and better-organized Western North Pacific Anticyclone(WNPAC) anomaly, which could transport abundant moisture to the YRV by anomalous southwesterly prevailing in northwestern flank of anomalous WNPAC. Both observation and numerical experiment indicate that the interdecadal change of the SST anomaly in tropical western Indian Ocean(TWI) from preceding May to June can significantly affect the anomalous WNPAC, leading to enhanced YRV rainfall in June. The TWI SST anomaly shifts from a cold phase to a warm phase around the early 2000 s, with a magnitude of 0.7℃ in 2020, which implies that such interdecadal warming might partly contribute to the heavy rainfall in June 2020 by providing a large-scale favorable background flow. 相似文献
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Average maize yield in eastern Africa is 2.03 t ha−1 as compared to global average of 6.06 t ha−1 due to biotic and abiotic constraints. Amongst the biotic production constraints in Africa, stem borers are the most injurious. In eastern Africa, maize yield losses due to stem borers are currently estimated between 12% and 21% of the total production. The objective of the present study was to explore the possibility of RapidEye spectral data to assess stem borer larva densities in maize fields in two study sites in Kenya. RapidEye images were acquired for the Bomet (western Kenya) test site on the 9th of December 2014 and on 27th of January 2015, and for Machakos (eastern Kenya) a RapidEye image was acquired on the 3rd of January 2015. Five RapidEye spectral bands as well as 30 spectral vegetation indices (SVIs) were utilized to predict per field maize stem borer larva densities using generalized linear models (GLMs), assuming Poisson (‘Po’) and negative binomial (‘NB’) distributions. Root mean square error (RMSE) and ratio prediction to deviation (RPD) statistics were used to assess the models performance using a leave-one-out cross-validation approach. The Zero-inflated NB (‘ZINB’) models outperformed the ‘NB’ models and stem borer larva densities could only be predicted during the mid growing season in December and early January in both study sites, respectively (RMSE = 0.69–1.06 and RPD = 8.25–19.57). Overall, all models performed similar when all the 30 SVIs (non-nested) and only the significant (nested) SVIs were used. The models developed could improve decision making regarding controlling maize stem borers within integrated pest management (IPM) interventions. 相似文献
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北极海冰融化影响东亚冬季天气和气候的研究进展以及学术争论焦点问题 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
北极历来是影响东亚冬季天气、气候的关键区域之一。北极表面增暖要比全球平均快2~3倍,即所谓北极的放大效应。随着全球增暖的持续以及北极海冰的持续融化,北极的生态环境正在发生显著的变化,进而可能对北半球中、低纬度的天气、气候产生影响。本文概述了有关北极海冰融化影响冬季东亚天气、气候的主要研究进展,特别是自2000年以来,北极海冰异常偏少影响东亚冬季气候变率以及极端严寒事件的可能途径、存在的科学问题,以及学术界的争论焦点。秋、冬季节是北极海冰快速形成时期,此时北极海冰对大气环流的影响要强于大气对海冰的影响。近二十年来的研究结果表明,北极海冰异常偏少,不仅影响北冰洋局地的气温和降水变化,而且通过复杂的相互作用和反馈过程,对北半球中、低纬度的天气、气候产生影响。北极海冰通过以下两个可能机制来影响东亚冬季的天气、气候:（1）北极海冰的负反馈机制;（2）由海冰异常偏少引起的平流层-对流层相互作用机制。秋、冬季节北极海冰持续异常偏少,特别是,巴伦支海-喀拉海海冰异常偏少,既可以加强冬季西伯利亚高压（东亚冬季风偏强）,也可以导致冬季风偏弱。导致海冰影响不确定性的部分原因是:（1）夏季北极大气环流状态影响北极海冰异常偏少对冬季大气环流的反馈效果;（2）冬季大气环流对北极海冰异常偏少响应的位置、强度不同造成的。秋、冬季节北极海冰持续异常偏少,在适宜的条件下（例如,前期夏季北极大气环流的热力和动力条件,有利于加强北极海冰偏少对冬季大气的反馈作用）,可以激发出有利于冬季亚洲大陆极端严寒过程的大气环流异常。目前学术界争论焦点主要集中在以下两个方面:（1）关于北极增暖、北极海冰融化对中纬度区域影响的争论;（2）关于1980年代后期以来,冬季欧亚大陆表面气温呈现降温趋势的原因。目前,有关北极海冰融化影响冬季欧亚大陆次季节变化以及极端天气、气候事件的过程和机制,我们认知非常有限,亟需开展深入细致的研究。 相似文献
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在全球持续增温的背景下,极端降水事件频发,给人民的生产生活和社会的经济发展造成了严重威胁。本文利用华东315个气象台站2011—2018年的小时观测数据,按照降水日峰值特征将华东地区极端小时降水分为单峰型和多峰型,基于多尺度地理加权回归模型,探讨了两种峰型极端小时降水空间分布与地形因子的关系。研究表明两种峰型极端降水分别对应常规年份和厄尔尼诺年,地形起伏度在两类峰型的降水中都为最重要的地形因子,主导区域主要为浙江北部及浙闽山脉北部;其他地形因子在两类峰型的降水中作用存在显著差异。单峰型降水中,第二重要的地形因子为地形坡度,主导区域位于浙闽山脉东南侧;而在多峰型降水中,第二重要的地形因子为离海岸线距离,且主导区域位于沿海地区。对二者差异的机理分析发现,单峰型降水以午后对流为主,浙闽山脉东南侧地形坡度较大处的对流有效位能值较大,容易促发对流;而在多峰型降水中清晨降水以平流为主,水汽输送明显较单峰型降水大,因此,离海岸线距离对该类型降水有重要影响。 相似文献
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Influence of the Eastern Pacific and Central Pacific Types of ENSO on the South Asian Summer Monsoon 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Based on observational and reanalysis data,the relationships between the eastern Pacific(EP)and central Pacific(CP)types of El Ni?o?Southern Oscillation(ENSO)during the developing summer and the South Asian summer monsoon(SASM)are examined.The roles of these two types of ENSO on the SASM experienced notable multidecadal modulation in the late 1970s.While the inverse relationship between the EP type of ENSO and the SASM has weakened dramatically,the CP type of ENSO plays a far more prominent role in producing anomalous Indian monsoon rainfall after the late 1970s.The drought-producing El Ni?o warming of both the EP and CP types can excite anomalous rising motion of the Walker circulation concentrated in the equatorial central Pacific around 160°W to the date line.Accordingly,compensatory subsidence anomalies are evident from the Maritime Continent to the Indian subcontinent,leading to suppressed convection and decreased precipitation over these regions.Moreover,anomalously less moisture flux into South Asia associated with developing EP El Ni?o and significant northwesterly anomalies dominating over southern India accompanied by developing CP El Ni?o,may also have been responsible for the Indian monsoon droughts during the pre-1979 and post-1979 sub-periods,respectively.El Ni?o events with the same“flavor”may not necessarily produce consistent Indian monsoon rainfall anomalies,while similar Indian monsoon droughts may be induced by different types of El Ni?o,implying high sensitivity of monsoonal precipitation to the detailed configuration of ENSO forcing imposed on the tropical Pacific. 相似文献